Antimicrobials
Peptide Antibiotics
– Inhibit or compromise PGN or Outer Membrane (O.M.) – Bactericidal – Narrow Spectrum : Gram-positives or Gram –negatives – NOT absorbed from GIT (Gastrointestinal tract) – Resistance “generally” rare
• Topical generally • Systemic toxicity – nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, ototoxic
• Otitis externa, keratitis, dermatitis (ears, eyes, skin)
• “
Last-resort” antibiotic - Vancomycin (humans primarily)
Peptide Antibiotics
• Bacitracin : inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
–
Bacillus subtilis
–
Topical (skin, eye, ear)
• Triple-Abx : with Polymyxin B and Neomycin
– Bacitracin replaces Penicillins as topical (Staph)
• Allergic contact sensitivity with Penicillins
Peptide Antibiotics
• Polymyxins (Types A through E) – Damage Outer Membrane
–
Bacillus polymyxa
–
Polymyxin B and E (called Colistin) – Gram –ves including PSA
•
Topical (otitis, keratitis, dermatitis) : recall Surolan®
• Dogs/cats
• Horses - intra-uterine for
Pseudomonas/
Klebsiella
• Binds LPS - Endotoxin A
– Reduces LPS-reduced pyrexia at sub-MIC levels
Peptide Antibiotics
• Glycopeptides: Gram-positives only – Inhibit PGN
–
Vancomycin largely reserved as “last-resort” drug in humans
• MRSA, Multi-drug resistant (MDR)
Clostridium difficile or
– E.U. ban on Avoparcin growth promoter in feed 1996
• VRE’s frequency in poultry dropped immediately • Not swine ? • Reason – Co-selection of Vancomycin/Macrolide resistance • Tylosin (Macrolide) was being used as growth promoter in feed • VRE in N.A. - arisen from hospitals
Antimicrobial Drugs
•
Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
– Aminoglycosides/Aminocyclitols (ie. Streptomycin, Spectinomycin)
– Lincosamides (i.e Lincomycin) – Chloramphenicol and Florfenicol
Tetracyclines: Bacteriostatic
– Chlortetracycline (1944) – Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline – Semisynthetics
– G+ve, G-ve, anaerobes – FIPs (
Brucella,
Listeria) – Obligate intracellular (
Chlamydophila,
– Efflux pumps – PSA,
Proteus mirabilis, most
– Enterobacteriaceae (
E. coli,
Salmonella,
Klebsiella,
Enterobacter) and Clostridia
Tetracyclines
• Dogs/Cats - Tet, Oxytet, Doxycyline, Minocycline
• Horses/Ruminants/ Swine - Oxytetracycline
–
Potomac Horse Fever (Neorickettsia), Leptospirosis
– Parenteral (I.V., I.M), oral (p.o.) in dogs, cats and “monogastric” food
– Water/food admin – TeracyclineJ (water soluble tetracyline powder)
– TerramycinJ (oxytetracycline in feed)
Tetracyclines
• Dysbiosis in GIT (biliary excretion, passive diffusion into large
– Predispose to enterocolitis (Salmonella, Candida, Clostridium spp. ) – Equine risk, other hindgut fermenters (Guinea pigs in particular)
• Not recommended for young animals (bone, teeth)
• Cardiac effects – Ca+2 binding during rapid I.V. admin
Aminoglycosides(AMGs): Bactericidal
–
Streptomycin/Dihydrostreptomycin
– Neomycin
– Kanamycin,
Amikacin, Apramycin,
Tobramycin;
Gentamicin
–
Spectinomycin
Aminoglycosides: Bactericidal
• Potency/Spectrum/resistance to resistance mechanism(s)
– Tobramycin>Amikacin/Gentamicin>Neomycin/Kanamycin>Streptomycin – No GIT uptake
• Streptomycin/Dihydrostreptomycin: Dog, Cattle, poultry (i.m.)
– Leptospirosis (with a Penicillin – this is off-label in N.A.) – Resistance has reduced use
– Triple-Mix Antibiotics (skin, eye) with : Bacitracin and Polymyxin B – Otitis externa (Tresaderm®) – Oral route as well
• dog/cat • Calves: oral colibacillosis – most nephrotoxic
Aminoglycosides: Bactericidal
• Kanamycin (parent compound) used little due to widespread resistance
• Amikacin, Gentamicin or Tobramycin are excellent options for PSA
– Amikacin: Dog/Cat/Horse/Cattle (route – parenteral)
– Tobramycin: ’d PSA activity (combine with ticarcillin)
– Apramycin: licensed for swine (Canada, not U.S.)
• enteritis (
E. coli) p.o
Aminoglycosides: Bactericidal
– Gentamicin: Dog/Cat/Horse/Cattle/
chicks/piglets (parenteral) or water
• Gentocin® : dog, cat, piglet (i.m.), horse ,dog, cow (intrauterine), chick (s.q.)
•
1 day old chicks, 3 day old piglets (long withdrawal time - kidney
residues)
• Gram negative sepsis (including foals, ferrets, rabbits, rodents) – I.V.
•
Opthalmic spray for pinkeye (US), bacterial dermatitis in dogs (Canada)
• Spectinomycin: Narrow spectrum, little nephro- or ototoxicity but
–
Mycoplasma’s (poultry), colibacil osis (swine) and swine dysentery
(
Brachyspira) and porcine proliferative enteropathy (
Lawsonia) in combination with Lincomycin (Lincosamide)
Source: http://people.upei.ca/bdespres/Antimicrobials-II-10.pdf
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