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3.15 DRUGS FORMULARY FOR PRIMATES & PRIMATE SANCTUARIES
W.Boardman, E.Dubois, J.Fielder Review by Nonee Magre.
ANTI-BACTERIALS important drugs in bold.
GENERIC NAME
COMMENTS
Gabbroral
Useful for salmonella and shigella and for enteric protozoa Amoxicillin
Amoxil
7-13mg/kg SC, IM, PO
Gr + spectrum. Minor wounds, oral cavity problems
Amoxicillin+Clavulanic
Augmentin,
10-15mg/kg SC, IM, PO
Gr+ with some Gr - spectrum. Respiratory, skin, urinary
Synulox
tract infections. May cause diarrhoea /GI upset. Can use up
to 50mg/kg TID in severe infections
Zithromax
Ancef
Otitis interna, Strep pneumonia, UTI. Resistant pseudomonas, Listeria, Staph and anaerobes Claforan
Fortan
Rocephin
Excellent penetration into the CSF for meningitis Keflex, Ceporex
Gr + broad spectrum. Respiratory, skin, urinary tract infections Orbenil
Chlormycetin
Excellent broadspectrum antibiotic - possibly drug of choice for gorillas Ciproflaxacin
Cipro. Ciproxin
10-20 mg/kg PO
Can cause arthropathy in juveniles
Human dose. Better availability with fewer GI signs than erythromycin. Very broad spectrum Dalacin, Antirobe
Use with care when PO: can cause clostridial overgrowth and colitis. Give protexin Vibramycin
Baytril
Broad spectrum, esp Gr –. Respiratory or gastrointestinal infections, any severe infection. Bad taste so difficult to give PO. Can cause arthropathy in juveniles Erythro-terra 100
Respiratory infections or campylobacter diarrhoea For mycobacteriosis with isozianid and rifampicin Genta
For mycobacteriosis with ethambutol and rifampicin Kantrex
Lincocin
Flagyl
Respiratory if anaerobic infection suspected Hepatitis, Gastrointestinal upset/enteritis (also for protozoa. )Tastes very bad so very difficult to give Broad spectrum gr+, anaerobes. Adequate blood levels if given every 24-48 hr For mycobateriosis with ethambutol and isoniazid Terramycin
Septrin, Unitrim
Broad spectrum Gr- with some Gr +. Gastrointestinal, respiratory, skin, urinary tract infections Tylan
ANTIFUNGALS
Trade Name
Dose Rate
Frequenc
Comments
ANTIVIRALS
Trade Name
Dose Rate
Frequenc
Comments
ANTI PROTOZOALS
GENERIC NAME
COMMENTS
Gabbrora
l
Artemeth
er
Panacur
Ivomec
For nematodes and mites Repeat in 3 weeks Vermox
Flagyl
Terramyc
in
Humatin
Droncit
Combant
rin,Antim
inth,
Danmint
h
Darapri
m
Fasigyn
Tiniba
Septrin
ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
Generic Name
Trade Name
Dose Rate
3.2mg/kg PO, IM on day 1 and 1.6mg/kg for the next 4 days 10mg/kg on day1 followed by 5mg/kg 6 hours later.
VITAMINS AND SUPPLEMENTS
Generic Name
DIURETICS
Tradename
Dose/Reason
Frequency
oedema, spinal cord trauma or acute glaucoma OPIOIDS, CORTICOSTEROIDS AND NON STEROIDAL ANTI INFLAMMATORIES:
Generic Name
Tradename
Dosage/Use
Tylenol
Paracetamol
Temgesic –
0.3mg/ml
Buprenex
Torbugesic -
10mg/ml
Stadol
Rimadyl
Axium, Dexate
2-8mg/kg for shock
0.25-1mg/kg as anti-inflamm
2mg/kg for cerebral oedema and then 1mg/kg
Sublimaze
Finadyne
Banamine
Brufen
Ketofen
Narcan
Naprosyn
Numorphan
Demerol
Soludeltacortef
11-25mg/kg for shock
Soludeltacortef
2-4mg/kg for allergic bronchitis, asthma
0.1-0.5mg/kg for allergic reactions
1-2mg/kg for immunosuppression taper off over 2-3 months for immune skin
diseases, SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, eosinophilic garstritis/enteritis Kenalog
MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS
Generic Name
Tradename
Dosage/Use
0.08mg/kg IM,SC to induce vomiting
Pepto bismol
1ml/kg intestinal protectant
Tagamet
10mg/kg IM,PO for gastric ulceration
Benadryl
5mg/kg IM Anti tussive
Chemet
10mg/kg for lead chelation PO
400-600iu/100ml blood Anticoagulant
2mg/kgPO Diurectic
Glucotrol
1.1mg/kg PO for early stage or gestational diabetes mellitus
Imodium
0.04mg/kg PO to reduce intestinal motility
Depoprovera MPA
2.5-3mg/kg IM 10mg/kg PO to suppress oestrous
10mg/tab
Reglan
1-2mg/kg IV drip over 24 hours as antiemetic Primperan
2.5mg/kg IM Anabolic
20iu/ml
5-10iu IM for uterine inertia. May repeat in 30mins
5-10iu IM for uterine prolapse
2-5iu IM for milk letdown
40meq/L dilute in fluids for SQ injection Potassium loss
through D and V
Zantac
0.5mg/kg PO Anti ulcer
Rompun
HORMONES
Generic Name
Tradename
ANDROGENS/ANABOLIC STEROIDSEthylestrenol 5mg/kg for anabolic effects and bone marrow stimulant OESTROGENS/PROGESTAGENSMedroxyprogesterone acetate RESPIRATORY TRACT DRUGS
Types of Drugs
Trade Names
EMERGENCY DRUGS
Generic Name
Tradename
Cerebral oedema
Diuresis
20-40meq/L fluids – dose NOT to exceed 1meq/kg/min
Acidosis
PSYCHOTIC ACTIVE DRUGS IN CHIMPANZEES.
These are drug doses taken from British National Formulary 38,
September 1999 and are human dose rates, based on 70kg body
weight.
NB. Many of these drugs have not been used clinically – caution should
be exercised.
PSYCHOTIC ACTIVE DRUGS - ORAL
Generic name
Tradename
Dose Rate
Clopixol
Haloperidol
Dozic
Haldol
Serenace
Orap
2mg SID increase by 2-4mg each week until required affect. Usual dose range 2-20mg SID Trifluoperazine
Stelazine
PSYCHOTIC ACTIVE DRUGS - INJECTABLE
Tradename
Duration of
Clopixol-
Acuphase
Clopixol or
Clopixol conc
Followed after 7-28 days with 100-200mg. Followed by 200-400mg at intervals of 2-4 Modecate or
Modecate
concentrate
Haldol
decanoate
Trilafon
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT DRUGS
Antacids/Adsorbents
Aluminium carbonate, hydroxide, phosphateCalcium carbonateMagnesium oxideSimethiconesodium bicarbonate Antidiarrhoels
Attapulgite
Activated charcoalSpasmolytics and analgesics Kaopectate II capletsMaalox diarrhoeaPepto diarrhoea Laxatives
Antiemetics
Anti Ulcer drugs
Gastric Lavage
Needs to be done within 1-2 hours of intoxication:Patient needs to be unconscious or lightly anaesthetised Insert tight fitting endotracheal tube to prevent aspiration of gastric contentsStomach tube – large bore for egress of fluidsStomach tube – small bore to ingress of fluidsRepeat until lavage runs clear – usually 5-10ml/kg water or saline solutionAdminister activated charcoal 2g/kgRemove stomach tubesLeave endotracheal tube in place until animal is semiconscious CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DRUGS
Ionotropics
Strengthens myocardial contraction0.003-0.07mg/kg PO BID 5 days per week Anti arrthymic Drugs
Propanolol (Inderal) ie ventriclar arrthymias 0.2mg/kg PO BID /TID2.5-5mg PO BID/TID for angina/hypertension Anti anginals
Dilates coronary arteries, treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris Vasodilator for acute congestive heart failure1-10mcg/kg/min IV infusion Antihypertensives
Dilates coronary arteries, treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris0.5-1.3mg/kg PO TID Use alone or in combination with diuretics CNS DRUGS
Anticonvulsants
For atypical seizures, akinetic, and myoclonic seizures0.01-0.03mg/kg PO in 2-3 individual doses Status epilepticus 0.5-1.0mg/kg IV in increments of 5-10mg to effect Antidepressants
Obsessive, compulsive disorder0.5-2(max3) mg/kg divided in two doses (Prozac)Obsessive, compulsive disorder, depression 0.3-0.5mg/kg PO am, maybe given BID, morning and at noon. Max (Tofranil)Depression, narcolepsy0.5-1.0mg/kg PO BID/TID (Buspar)Anxiety disorders, short term relief of anxiety0.1mg/kg PO TID; dosage increase at 3 day interval in (Apo oxazepam, Serax, Serepax)Severe anxiety TOPICAL DRUGS
Anti Infectives
Antiviral
Fungistatic
Bactericidal, bacteriostatic
Antispetic/ Local Anaesthetics
Benzalkonium chloride and lidocaine 2.5 (Bactine) Scabicides and Pediculicides
Topical Corticosteroids
Miscellaneous
Hydrogen peroxide 20 vol(3%)Povidone iodine solution Salicyclic acid, malic acid, propionic acid (Otoderm, Oticlens) to OPHTHALMIC DRUGS
Ophthalmic Anti infectives
Combination with corticosteroids
Hydrocortisone/betamethasone/dexamethasone commonly combined with antibitoucs and sulphonamides Non Steroidal antiinflammatory
Diclofenac –sodium 0.1% (Voltaren Opht) Antibiotic Combination Products
- poylmixin B, bacitracin, neomycin, hydrocortisone Maxitrol ointment - neomycin, polymixin B, dexamethasoneMycitracin Opht - choramphenicol, polymixin B, hydrocortisone - tobramycin,chlorobutanol, dexamethasone Ocusert pilo, Isopto carpine, Miocarpine – Pilocarpine Mydriatics
Atropisol, Isopto atropine - Atropine sulphateMydriacyl - tropicamide MISCELLANEOUS OPHTHALMICS
Timoptic sol, Timoptic XE (ocular hypertension, open angle glaucoma) Otic Solutions
Solutions, suspensions, ointments. Combinations contain antibiotics, anti inflammatories, analgesics, antiparasitics, antmycotics and cleaning solutions TREATMENT OF POISONING
Generic Drug
Tradename
10mg/kg IM q8h for 24 hours (not to exceed 80mg/kg in 24 hours) or polyvalentAdminister antihistamineCorticosteroids contra indicated Fluid therapyAntitetanus therapyBroadspectrum antibiotics VACCINATIONS
Tetanus
Use human species tetanus toxoid
Give IM because SC deposition of aluminium adjuvants may cause sterile
abscesses
Measles
Use Modified live vaccine; do not vaccinate pregnant animals
Vaccinate for Great Apes 1 - > 6months of age2 – 13-15months of age3. – 10-12 years of age Poliovirus
Use modified live oral vaccine, shedding of the vaccine virus may occur
AdultsEvery 2 months for three vaccinations Hepatitis B
Two injections at one month intervals and then 3rd vaccination 6 months after
1st injection
0.5ml IM
Homemade Oral Rehydration Therapy
‚ teaspoon of Potassium Chloride (KCl)
‚ teaspoon of Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
‚ teaspoon of Sodium chloride (NaCl)
2 tablespoons of Glucose or 4 tablespoons of sucrose
In 1 (one) litre of water
In the dry state it lasts indefinitely and made up, lasts 24 hoursPalatability maybe improved by adding small quantities of powdered orange juice

Source: http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/000ADOBES/Bonobos/D425_PASA_PrimateVetManualSecondEd/3.15_Drug_Formulary_for_Primates_and_Primate_Sanctuaries.pdf